Radiation transmitter

ABSTRACT

Radiation transmitter, also called radiation semiconductor, is a structure that can rectify and gather the random radiation from a single heat source. It is known from the Fermat&#39;s principle that light in a medium with graded index usually deflects from an area with high refractive index to an area with low refractive index, and light in the area with low refractive index always can reach the area with high refractive index, but part of the light traveling from the area with high refractive index to the area with low refractive index will return to the area with high refractive index within an inflexion effective distance. As a result, the radiation heat exchange between the surface with low refractive index and the isothermal surface with high refractive index is unbalanced, radiation is automatically and directionally transferred by wave-guide, and the heat of an object is automatically and directionally transferred to the isothermal and high-temperature objects by radiation. The radiation transmitter, which is a basic structure for developing atom energy, can gather, store and transfer solar radiation energy and spontaneous radiation energy of other objects, and can be used for refrigeration, heating, air conditioning, cooking, heat engine driving, power generation, etc.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to a radiation application technique, particularlya radiation transmitter for automatically and directionally transmittingradiation.

BACKGROUND ART

Energy is everywhere on the earth. Some people estimate that the amountof energy causing the seawater temperature to decrease 0.01K will enablethe machines in the whole world to run several years. The amount ofenergy really needed by the human beings is only 1/10,000 of the solarenergy received by the Earth. However, why do the human beings have toface the energy crisis? The reason is more or less related to the biasof the second law of thermodynamics in addition to other technologicalfactors.

The second law of thermodynamics is about the conducting direction andcondition of the actual macroscopic process of thermal phenomenon. Thevarious arguments in the past (called multi-argument second law ofthermodynamics) mainly include⁽¹⁾: (1) It is impossible to transfer heatfrom low-temperature object to high-temperature object without causingother changes (Clausius, 1850). (2) It is impossible to absorb heat froma single heat source and make it become useful work without producingother effects (Kelvin, 1851). (3) It is impossible to manufactureperpetual motion machine of the second kind (Planck). (4) In an isolatedsystem, the actually occurred process always makes the entropy of systemincrease (Clausius).

The multi-argument second law of thermodynamics mainly shows the heattransfer phenomenon of heat power and it is unavoidably biased.

One: Phenomenon of Automatic Heat Transfer From Low-Temperature Objectto High-Temperature Object Possibly Observed During Pure Radiation HeatTransfer.

The heat of objects is transferred by convection, conduction andradiation. The heat of the objects can be transferred fromhigh-temperature object to low-temperature object through materialmixing, contact and collision in the mode of convection and conduction,but cannot be transferred through vacuum. The radiation heat transfer isthe mutual transfer from high-temperature object to low-temperatureobject without contact. Heat is transferred in vacuum or media in theform of heat energy-radiant energy-heat energy at light speed. All theobjects in the natural world constantly send out heat radiation, andconstantly absorb heat radiation of other objects. The exchangedradiation difference between them is the exchanged radiation heat amongobjects. In a system that exclusively exchanges heat through radiation,when the heat radiation sent out is equal to the heat radiationabsorbed, the system is in heat balance; when the heat radiation sentout is more than the heat radiation absorbed, the temperature isreduced; conversely, the temperature is increased. The higher the objecttemperature is, the stronger the radiation performance is. When thetemperatures are the same, and the characters and indication conditionsof the objects are different, the radiation performances are different.Since temperature is not the sole determinant factor of radiationperformance and is not the sole determinant factor in the exchangingprocess of heat radiation sent out and absorbed, in the system thatexclusively exchanges heat through radiation, when many factors,including the characters of the object media, the surface conditions ofthe objects, the radiation heat transfer conditions and the radiationabsorptivity, play an important role, the heat transfer is possible fromthe low-temperature object to the high-temperature object, namely theheat transfer phenomenon that heat is transferred from low-temperatureobject to high-temperature object without causing other changes ispossibly observed.

Two: Possible Rectification and Gathering of Radiation Through ModernScience and Technology

Some optical instruments wellknown by people can guide and gatherradiation. For example, convex lens and concave mirror can gather thelow-density solar radiation heat energy to form high-density heatenergy, but the radiation transmission is bidirectional withoutradiation rectification function. The modern fiber optic technology cantransmit radiation in one direction and can rectify and gather radiationalready. For example:

1. Optical isolator and optical circulator form a nonreciprocity devicewhich is made using Faraday effect and enable light to transmit in onedirection. The device is made by placing a Faraday rotator with thepolarization direction of 45° between two polarimeters which form anangle of 45° in the polarization direction, and therefore the radiationbetween the two objects can be transmitted in a single direction,realizing the radiation rectification function. However, the opticalisolator and optical circulator can cause other changes during radiationrectification, thus the second law of thermodynamics can not bequestioned.

2. The most basic and typical optical coupler is 2×2 directionalcoupler⁽²⁾. The directional coupler is made by twisting, heating andtapering two graded index (GI) optical fibers so that phase-matchinglight fields in the optical fibers are outwards diffused from the fibercore to form the evanescent field. Thus, energy is exchanged, andtransverse coupling of a wave-guide between the two optical fibers isproduced. The phase-matching light fields can be directionally coupledand directionally output. The directional coupler has radiationgathering function to a certain extent, but the radiation rectificationfunction is not strong. The radiation rectification function will beobviously improved if the optical coupler is improved in accordance withFIG. 5.

3. The star coupler has M input ends and N output ends, expressed asM×N. The middle part is a coupling zone which gathers the light signalsfrom the M input optical fibers and sends the signals to the N outputoptical fibers. Because of the radiation reflection and loss, etc., evenwhen N is smaller than M, the radiant energy density output by N opticalfibers is not necessarily more than the radiant energy density input byM optical fibers. The radiation rectification and radiation gatheringfunctions do not exist in a single heat source. If the star coupler ismodified in accordance with FIGS. 6, 7 and 8, the radiationrectification and radiation gathering functions will be obvious.

Three: Question of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

1. Improve the 2×2 directional coupler (see FIG. 5): (1) GI opticalfiber 2 is not tapered, and the input end {circle around (2)} is sealedby high reflection film. (2) The output end {circle around (3)} of theGI optical fiber 1 is twisted, heated and tapered with the GI opticalfiber 1 in accordance with heat radiation phase. Then: (a) Make“directional coupler” be the only channel for heat radiation of the twopure radiation heat transfer objects in an isolated system. (b) Thelight radiation input from the output end {circle around (4)} of the GIoptical fiber 2 is fully reflected by the input end {circle around (2)}of GI optical fiber 2 and is output from the output end {circle around(4)}. (c) The phase-matching heat radiation input from the input end{circle around (1)} of the GI optical fiber 1 is outwards diffused fromthe fiber core of the tapered output end {circle around (3)} to form theevanescent field, transversely coupled to the GI optical fiber 2, andthen output from the output end {circle around (4)}. Therefore, heatradiation can only be input to the coupler from the input end {circlearound (1)} and output from the output end {circle around (4)}. Heatradiation can not be transmitted in reverse direction. The directionalcoupler becomes a heat radiation rectifier. The input end {circle around(1)} is a cathode, and the output end {circle around (4)} is an anode.Heat is automatically transmitted to the high-temperature object of theanode from the low-temperature object of the cathode through rectifierwithout causing other changes. Thus, the second law of thermodynamicscan be questioned.

2. Improve the M×N star coupler: (1) The output ends of M GI opticalfibers 1 are twisted, heated and tapered with one GI optical fiber 2 inaccordance with heat radiation phase. (2) Each optical fiber 2 is nottapered, and the input end of the optical fiber 2 is sealed by highreflection film (see FIG. 6) or the GI optical fiber 2 is bent into theshape that both ends are output ends (see FIGS. 7 and 8). Then: (a) Make“stars coupler” be the only channel for heat radiation of the two pureradiation heat transfer objects in the isolated system. (b) Radiationinput from the output end of the optical fiber 2 is fully reflected bythe high reflection film and then automatically returned, or isautomatically returned from the other bent output end. (c) The heatradiation input from the input ends of M GI optical fibers is outwardsdiffused from the tapered fiber core to form the evanescent field,transversely coupled to the GI optical fiber 2, and then totally outputfrom the output end of the GI optical fiber 2. Thus, both the heatradiation input from the input ends of M GI optical fibers and the heatradiation reversely input from the output ends of the GI optical fibers2 are output from the output end of one GI optical fiber 2. Therefore,the M×N star coupler becomes M×1 heat radiation rectifier. The input endof the M GI optical fibers 1 is a cathode, and each output end of GIoptical fiber 2 is an anode. When M>>1, the low-density heat radiationof the cathode is gathered to form the high-density heat radiation ofthe anode and is then output; the star coupler becomes a rectifier forgathering radiation (radiation gathering rectifier for short). Heat isautomatically gathered to the high-temperature object from thelow-temperature object through optical fibers without producingfriction, doing work or causing other changes, thus the second law ofthermodynamics can be questioned.

Four: Channel Radiant Energy Exchange Law and Channel Radiation HeatExchange Law

Rectifier, radiation gathering rectifier, etc. are classified into asystem for automatically and directionally transmitting radiation,namely a radiation transmitting system.

Study the radiation transmitting system using radiation heat transferlaw (Stefan-Boltzmann law)⁽³⁾:

Stefen-Boltzmann law indicates that energy (i.e. radiation force) E0outwards radiated by blackbody through unit area in unit time is indirect proportion to the quartic of absolute temperature, i.e.:

E₀=AσT⁴

Or

E ₀ =AC ₀(T/100)⁴  {circle around (1)}

Wherein,

-   -   E₀—radiant energy radiated by blackbody, W/m²;    -   A—radiation area of objects, m²;    -   T—absolute temperature, K;    -   σ₀—Stefan-Boltzmann constant, the value is 5.67×10⁻⁸ w/m²·K⁴);    -   C₀—blackbody radiation coefficient, the value is 5.67 W/(m²·K⁴)

Because the radiation performances

(emissivity, also known as black level) of an actual object is less thanthe radiation performance of a blackbody at the same temperature, theradiant energy radiated by the actual object can be obtained on thebasis of formula {circle around (1)}:

E=

Aσ₀T⁴  {circle around (2)}

Suppose that: the channel between open surface A and open surface ΔAbetween pure radiation heat transfer object 1 and object 2 in theisolated system is the only radiation channel; the temperature of object1 is T₁, radiation area is A, radiation emissivity is

₁₂, radiation arrival rate of object 2 is η₁₂, the radiationabsorptivity of object 2 is α₁₂ (λ, T) expressed using α₁₂, and theabsorbed radiant energy of object 2 is E₁₂; the temperature of object 2is T₂, radiation area is ΔA, radiation emissivity is

₂₁, radiation arrival rate object 2 is η₂₁, the radiation absorptivityof object 1 is α₂₁ (λ, T) expressed using α₂₁, and the absorbed radiantenergy of object 1 is E₂₁, the following formulas can be developed fromformula {circle around (2)};

E₁₂=

₁₂η₁₂α₂₁Aσ₀T₁ ⁴  {circle around (3)}

E₂₁=

₂₁η₂₁α₁₂Δaσ₀T₂ ⁴  {circle around (4)}

Make the ratio of absorbed radiant energy of object 1 to the absorbedradiant energy of object 2 be E_(1:2)=E₂₁.E₁₂, the radiation emissivityratio be

_(1:2)=

₁₂/

₂₁, the radiation arrival rate ratio be η_(1:2)=η₁₂/η₂₁, theabsorptivity ratio α_(1:2)=α₂₁/α₁₂, the heat radiation area ratio beA_(1:2)=A/ΔA, and the temperature biquadrate ratio be T₁ ⁴/T₂⁴=(T_(1:2))⁴.

E ₁₂≠0,E ₂₁ /E ₁₂=(

₂₁/

₁₂)(η₂₁/η₁₂)(α₁₂/α₂₁(A/ΔA)(T ₁ ⁴ /T ₂ ⁴)

then:

E_(1:2)=

_(2:1)η_(2:1)α_(1:2)A_(2:1)T⁴ _(2:1)  {circle around (5)}

i.e.: In the isolated system, the pure radiant energy exchange ratio ofobjects at both ends of the channel is in direct proportion to theobject radiation absorptivity ratio, and is in inverse proportion to themutual radiation emissivity ratio, the radiation arrival rate ratio, theradiation area ratio and the thermodynamic temperature quartic ratio.This is the channel radiant energy exchange law (wave-guide energyexchange law). If the exchanged energy can be regarded as pure heatradiation, this becomes wave-guide heat exchange law: in the isolatedsystem, the pure radiation heat exchange ratio of objects at both endsof the channel is in direct proportion to the object radiationabsorptivity ratio, and is in inverse proportion to the mutual radiationemissivity ratio, the radiation arrival rate ratio, the open area ratioand the thermodynamic temperature biquadrate ratio. Heat exchange ratiois expressed by Q_(1:2), and the expression formula is:

Q_(1:2)=

_(2:1)η_(2:1)α_(1:2)A_(2:1)T⁴ _(2:1)  {circle around (6)}

Five: Comprehensive Clarification of the Bias of the Multi-ArgumentSecond Law of Thermodynamics Through Channel Radiation Heat ExchangeLaw.

We can know through the above formulas {circle around (5)} and {circlearound (6)} that the heat flow direction of the two pure radiant energyexchange objects is determined by the exchange capacity ratio of heatradiant energy rather than completely determined by high or lowtemperature mentioned in the Multi-Argument Second Law ofThermodynamics. Provided that Q_(1:2)<1, radiation can be rectified andgathered, and thus heat can be automatically transferred from object 1to object 2 regardless of high or low temperature.

Under the present science and technology, we can adjust any of the

_(2:1), η_(2:1), α_(1:2) or A_(2:1) to meet the condition of E_(1:2)<1in accordance with channel wave-guide energy exchange law, so as tomanufacture a series of radiation rectification and radiation gatheringobjects (radiation transmitting elements) for directionally transmittingradiation by using the items as types. For example: A type radiationtransmitting element (FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3), η type radiationtransmitting element (FIG. 6), Aη type radiation transmitting element(FIG. 7, FIG. 8 and FIG. 9), ηα type radiation transmitting element(FIG. 5), and also more than tens kinds of radiation transmittingelements including Aηα type,

type, A

type, η

type, Aη

, and the like. Wherein, the radiation transmitting element (like diodeand multielectrode tube containing adjustment A_(1:2)) with the functionof gathering low-density radiation into high-density radiation is alsocalled radiation gathering rectifier.

In the isolated system, pure wave-guide exchanges heat, and adjustmentof A_(1:2) enables the low-temperature object to transfer heat tohigh-temperature object, for example:

If object 1 and object 2 are the same material, and their surfaceconditions are the same, Q_(1:2)=1,

_(1:2)=1, η_(1:2)=1, α_(1:2)=1,

Formula {circle around (6)} is simplified as

A_(1:2)=T⁴ _(2:1)  {circle around (7)}

In formula {circle around (7)}, suppose A_(1:2)=10,

-   -   when T₁=243K, T₂≈432K;    -   when T₁=273K, T₂≈485K;    -   when T₁=300K, T₂≈533K.        Convert them into Celsius grade:    -   T₁=243K=−30° C., T₂=432K=159° C.;    -   T₁=273K=0° C., T₂=485K=212° C.;    -   T₁=300K=27° C., T₂=533K=260° C.        i.e.: when Q_(1:2)=1,        _(1:2)=1, η_(1:2)=1, α_(1:2)=1, A_(1:2)=10, −30° C.        low-temperature object 1 and 159° C. high-temperature object 2,        0° C. object 1 and 212° C. object 2, and 27° C. object 1 and        260° C. object 2 are respectively in heat balance.

When Q_(1:2)<1, A_(1:2)>T⁴ _(2:1), at both ends of the radiationchannel, the heat absorbed by object 2 is more than the heat absorbed byobject 1, −30° C. low-temperature object 1 automatically transfers heatenergy to object 2 lower than 159° C., 0° C. object 1 automaticallytransfers heat energy to object 2 lower than 212° C., 27° C. object 1automatically transfers heat energy to object 2 lower than 260° C., andthe phenomenon that heat is automatically transferred fromlow-temperature objects to high-temperature objects is produced. Thus,it is possible to heat, cook rice and cook vegetables by gathering theheat radiation of ice and snow, and it is possible to manufactureradiation gathering and rectifying air conditioner and radiationgathering and rectifying refrigerator.

The entropy change in the heat transfer process of radiationtransmitting element is calculated using the Clausius's principle ofentropy increase of the second law of thermodynamics: suppose that thetemperatures of pure radiation heat transfer object 1 and object 2 inthe isolated system are respectively T₁ and T₂, and T₁<T₂, the twoobjects transfer heat through the radiation transmitting element, thecathode of the radiation transmitting element is towards object 1, theanode is towards object 2, the heat transferred to object 2 from object1 in short time Δt is ΔQ, and heat transfer is conducted in thereversible isothermal process. Thus, the channel pure radiation heattransfer can be calculated with the same method⁽⁴⁾ as that of pureconduction heat transfer:

The entropy change of object 1 ΔS ₁ =−ΔQ/T ₁

The entropy change of object 2 ΔS ₂ =ΔQ/T ₂

The entropy change of the isolated system in this short timeΔS=ΔS₁+ΔS₂=−ΔQ/T₁+ΔQ/T₂

T₁<T₂, thus, ΔS<0

The calculated results indicate that the entropy is reduced in the pureradiation heat transfer process of radiation transmitting element in theisolated system, which is in contravention of the principle of entropyincrease in the heat transfer process in the isolated system. Thisindicates that the principle of entropy increase of the second law ofthermodynamics is partial.

The radiation transmitting element which can automatically anddirectionally transmit radiation includes a cathode and an anode. Theradiation sent into the cathode is more than the radiation sent out fromthe cathode, and the radiation sent out from the anode is more than theradiation sent into the anode, and then the cathode becomeslow-temperature heat source and the anode becomes high-temperature heatsource. In the radiation gathering rectifier, the large-area low-densityheat radiation of the cathode is gathered into small-area high-densityheat radiation of the anode, the radiation density is increased morethan tens, hundreds or thousands times. Thus, it is possible that thelow temperature of about 0° C. on the cathode is directly changed intothe high temperature of more than 1,000° C. on the anode.

The radiation gathering rectifier directly transfers the low-temperatureheat source of the cathode into the high-temperature heat source of theanode, so the environment with three temperatures—cathodetemperature<heat source temperature<anode temperature, having enoughtemperature difference, can be created in one heat source. If a largenumber of radiation gathering rectifier anodes are used as a heataccumulator to create anode temperature in a container, a large numberof radiation gathering rectifier cathodes are used as a refrigerator tocreate cathode temperature in the container, the heat accumulatorcontinuously obtains a lot of heat radiation from the single heat sourceto enable the temperature of the heat carrier to be rapidly increased,the refrigerator continuously obtains a lot of heat radiation from thecontainer to enable the temperature of the heat carrier to be rapidlyreduced, the heat carrier between the heat accumulator and therefrigerator will form enough temperature difference, so as to preparenecessary condition for perpetual motion machine of the second kind totransfer heat to useful work. For example, the turbine crankshaft isconnected with a generator. A lot of heat energy obtained by the heataccumulator from a single heat source enables the temperature andpressure of the heat carrier in the container to be increased, drivingthe turbine to operate, and then it is discharged in the low-temperaturelow-pressure refrigerator; the compressor supplied by the generatortransports the low-temperature heat carrier to the heat accumulator toheat and pressurize it again for recycle. Thus, the heat carriercontinuously absorbs heat from the heat source to drive the closed powergeneration system and power supply system of the turbine. The aim ofabsorbing heat from the single heat source and turning it into totallyuseful work without producing other effects is achieved, thus perpetualmotion machine of the second kind is manufactured.

Thus, all kinds of impossibilities of the multi-argument second law ofthermodynamics are totally and scientifically changed intopossibilities, which proves that the multi-arguments of the second lawof thermodynamics are really biased. Therefore, the second law ofthermodynamics should be corrected as follows: In the isolated system,heat conduction and heat convection of radiation heat transfer can beneglected, the actually occurred process always makes the entropy ofsystem increase, the macroscopic phenomenon of heat transfer withoutcausing other changes indicates that heat flows from high-temperatureobject to low-temperature object.

Invention Contents

The energy crisis is an earthshaking problem. The invention mainly hasthe functions that low-density photon energy irregularly radiated isrectified and gathered into high-density photon energy directionallyradiated, and the energy is transmitted to do micro work.

One: Radiation Transmitting Element

A radiation transmitting element comprises a cathode and an anode of achannel for automatically and directionally transmitting radiation, andis characterized in that the channel has the function of automaticallyand directionally transmitting radiation, and the two ends of thechannel are a cathode and an anode respectively. The radiation sent intofrom the cathode is more than the radiation sent out from the cathode,the radiation sent out from the anode is more than the radiation sentinto from the anode, and then an automatic wave-guide is formed. Thestructure includes an automatic wave-guide structure with a singlemember, an automatic wave-guide structure with multiple members and anautomatic wave-guide structure with member combinations, wherein theradiation density sent out from the anode is larger than the radiationdensity sent into from the anode, equal to or smaller than the sum ofthe radiation density sent into from the anode and the radiation densitysent into from the cathode, and then a rectifier is formed. Theradiation density sent out from the anode is larger than the sum of theradiation density sent into from the anode and the radiation densitysent into from the cathode, and then a radiation gathering rectifier isformed.

(1) The automatic wave-guide structure with a single member ischaracterized in that the automatic wave-guide consists of a medium of amember and has a taper, and the two ends of the wave-guide are thecathode and the anode respectively, such as a funnel automaticwave-guide structure (FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) and a conical automaticwave-guide structure (FIG. 3).

(2) The automatic wave-guide structure with multiple members includesautomatic wave-guide structure with double members and automaticwave-guide structure with three members or more, and is characterized inthat one automatic wave-guide consists of media of two members or more.The two ends of the automatic wave-guide are the cathode and the anoderespectively, and the cathode medium is connected to the anode mediumfor directionally transmitting radiation.

The cathode medium is a medium where the cathode is located, and theautomatic wave-guide consists of media of two members or more. The anodemedium is a medium where the anode is located, and the automaticwave-guide consists of media of two members or more.

The structure of the anode medium 2 includes curved pillar structure(FIG. 7), annular pillar structure (FIG. 8), pillar structure with endsurface sealed by a high reflection film 5 in the cathode direction(FIG. 5 and FIG. 6) and structures with a certain taper or other shapes(FIG. 15).

The pillar medium is herein defined as a medium section structure withbasically equal area of any two cross sections, including soft, hard,long and short medium structures with basically equal area of crosssections, such as cylindrical, prismatic, zonal and tabular structures.

The funnel medium is herein defined as a medium section structure with alarge open surface of one end and a small open surface of the other end,including hard, soft, circular and rhombic media and wedge-shaped mediawith flat and blunt tips.

The conical medium is herein defined as a medium section structure witha large end surface and an infinitesimal end surface, including hard,soft, circular, rhombic, conical and wedge-shaped sharp media.

Examples of Structure with Double Members: Automatic wave-guidestructures (FIG. 4 and FIG. 5) of which conical cathode medium 1 withgraded index (GI) is connected to the pillar anode GI medium 2, anddouble-pillar automatic wave-guide structure (FIG. 9) of which pillarcathode medium 1 with step index (SI) is circularly connected to theanode GI medium 2.

Examples of Automatic Wave-Guide Structure with Double Members:Automatic wave-guide structures (FIG. 6, FIG. 7 and FIG. 8) of whichmultiple conical cathode GI media 1 are connected to pillar anode GImedia 2, and automatic wave-guide structure (FIG. 10) of which multiplepillar cathode SI media 1 are circularly connected to anode GI media 2.

(3) The structure with member combinations is characterized in thatmultiple media without polarity are regularly combined into theautomatic wave-guide in order, and both ends of the automatic wave-guideare the cathode and the anode respectively (FIG. 17).

The automatic wave-guide structure with member combinations is usuallyformed by regularly combining and arranging media affecting radiationemission, radiation transmission, radiation absorption, heat conductionand heat convection in a certain order, such as film applicationrectifiers (FIG. 17).

(4) The radiation transmitting element consists of a radiation diode(diode for short), a radiation multielectrode tube (multielectrode tubefor short) and a radiation controllable transmitting element(controllable element for short).

The diode is characterized in that one diode consists of an automaticwave-guide, a cathode and an anode, and the frequency spectrum of theradiation sent into from the cathode is the same as that of theradiation sent out from the anode, as shown in FIG. 1 to FIG. 10.

The multielectrode tube is characterized in that the automaticwave-guide consists of multiple members; the multielectrode tubeincludes multiple cathodes and anodes which are distributed on severalmembers; and the frequency spectrum of the radiation sent into from thecathodes varies from that of the radiation sent out from the anodes. Forexample, the radiations sent into from various cathodes in FIG. 6, FIG.7, FIG. 8, FIG. 10 and FIG. 14 have different frequency spectrums toform cathode multielectrode tubes. Different frequency spectrums ofradiations are coupled to various anodes in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12, andthen sent out to form anode multielectrode tubes.

The controllable element (FIG. 12) is characterized in that theautomatic wave-guide of one controllable element consists of a cathodemedium 1, substrate 7, a diaphragm 8 and an anode medium 2, wherein thecathode medium 1 is connected to the anode medium 2 to direct thechannel. The diaphragm 8 is arranged between the anode medium and thecathode medium to control the intensity of the radiation coupled to theanode from the cathode.

Two: Radiation Transmitter

The radiation transmitter uses the radiation transmitting element asbasic structure, and many radiation transmitting element articles can bemade and collectively called the radiation transmitters. In view oflimitations of space, the various non-limiting embodiments introducedherein include: a radiation gathering rectifier array, a heataccumulator, a refrigerator, radiation gathering photovoltaic powergeneration, a radiation gathering sensor, a radiation gathering turbineand a solar energy comprehensive utilization device.

(1) The radiation gathering rectifier array is formed by regularlycombining and arranging anodes and cathodes of radiation gatheringrectifiers and has the advantages of many types and variousapplications.

The shielded funnel SI radiation gathering rectifier array as shown inFIG. 13 mainly consists of a cathode medium 1, an anode medium 2, avacuum screen 4, a high reflection film 5 and a funnel radiationgathering rectifier 6, wherein the cathode medium 1, the anode medium 2and the vacuum screen 4 provide pure radiation heat transfer conditionsfor the funnel radiation gathering rectifier, and the funnel radiationgathering rectifier array gathers heat from system a of the cathode intosystem b of the anode.

The multilevel shielded conical GI radiation gathering rectifier arrayas shown in FIG. 14 mainly consists of a cathode medium 1, an anodemedium 2, a vacuum screen 4, a high reflection film 5 and a cone-pillarGI radiation gathering rectifier 6, wherein the cathode medium 1, theanode medium 2 and the vacuum screen 4 provide pure radiation heattransfer conditions for the funnel radiation gathering rectifier, andthe multilevel cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier arraygathers heat from system a into system b.

(2) The transparent radiation gathering rectifier array (FIG. 15)consists of a cathode medium 1, a cone-pillar GI radiation gatheringrectifier 6, an anode medium 2 and a substrate 7. In the figure, theanode media of the two lower radiation gathering rectifiers are coupledto a visible light, and then transmitted to system b. Heat radiation andultraviolet rays are transmitted to related application systems by theanode media coupled to the heat radiation and the ultraviolet light.Visible light, infrared light and ultraviolet light are respectivelycoupled to the respective anode media by one upper radiation gatheringrectifier, and then transmitted to the application systems.

(3) The refrigerator (see FIG. 16, FIG. 19, FIG. 20 and FIG. 21)consists of a radiation transmitting element array and a container,wherein the cathode of the radiation transmitting element faces theinterior of the container to form the refrigerator.

(4) The heat accumulator (FIG. 16, FIG. 20 and FIG. 21) mainly consistsof a shielded cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier 6 and acontainer. In the single sealed type heat accumulator (FIG. 16), besidesthat the anode of the shielded cone-pillar GI radiation gatheringrectifier array faces the interior of the container, the container isalso provided with safety control and heat output devices, including alight valve 15, optical fiber 21, a relief valve 14, a refrigerator 11,etc.

(5) Radiation gathering photovoltaic power generation (FIG. 18) is thecombination of the radiation transmitting element array and photovoltaiccells. The radiation transmitting element array transmits radiation tothe photovoltaic cells 16 to obtain photovoltaic current.

(6) The radiation gathering sensor (FIG. 19) mainly comprises anobjective lens 17, a radiation refrigerator 11, a radiation gatheringrectifier 6, optical fiber 21, a controller 19 and a display 20. Thefocus in object space of the objective lens is adjusted onto anobservation plane by the controller 19, and the sequence of the memberconnection is: the objective lens 17-the refrigerator 11-the radiationtransmitting element 6-the optical fiber 21-the controller 19-thedisplay 20.

(7) The radiation gathering turbine (FIG. 20) mainly comprises aradiation gathering rectifier 6, a heat accumulator 10, a refrigerator11, a turbine 22, a return duct 13, a compressor 23, a check valve 24, athrottle valve 25 and a heat carrier. The structure is characterized inthat the heat carrier is installed in the heat accumulator 10communicated with the air inlet of the turbine 22, and the exhaust portof the turbine 22 is communicated with the refrigerator 11, which thencommunicated with the heat accumulator 10 through the return duct 13.The return duct 13 is provided with the compressor 23, the check valve24 and the throttle valve 25 to promote the heat carrier to do workcircularly.

(8) The radiation gathering solar energy comprehensive utilizationdevice for power generation (FIG. 21) mainly consists of a radiationgathering rectifier 6, optical fiber 21 and a radiation effector. Thestructure is characterized in that the ultraviolet light, visible lightand infrared light of the solar energy are respectively transmitted tothe radiation effector by the radiation gathering rectifier 6 arraythrough the optical fiber 21.

Advantages and Positive Effects of the Invention

1. The direct use of the heat energy through the radiation transmittingelement and the radiation transmitter is more convenient than theindirect use of the heat energy through electrical appliances, and theuse of the heat energy through the radiation transmitter is morepreferable than that through the electrical appliances.

2. Popularization of Ecological Houses. The solar energy comprehensiveutilization devices are installed on roofs, walls and windows. Theradiation gathering plants for beautifying environment are installedoutdoor in front of and behind houses, on roads and so on, so thatinfinite energy is accessible both indoors and outdoors, and people canconveniently use the solar energy at any time in a day.

3. Ecological Farming and Animal Husbandry. The solar energycomprehensive utilization devices are installed in green houses,buildings and automated radiation biological factories with productionline, and illumination and microclimate in green houses are adjusted tooptimum conditions in accordance with the biological growth so as toachieve the minimum production cycle, highest yield and quality.

4. Self-Sufficiency Factories. Solar energy is collected and utilized bythe solar energy comprehensive utilization device, and can meet therequirements of any factory. Factories needing more energy can use thesolar energy comprehensive utilization device to collect solar energyfrom roads, streets and squares. Factories needing lots of energy canuse solar energy transmitted from deserts, fields and oceans, ordirectly move to deserts, seaside and oceans where there is infiniteenergy.

5. Improvement of Environment. The radiation gathering rectifier has thecapacity of gathering solar energy, which is higher than that of plants.The radiation gathering rectifiers can be installed on plants and usedfor making ornaments to beautify urban streets, roads, squares and openspaces, so that a great deal of solar energy is absorbed, gathered andused for cooling, warming and power generation. Cities will be morebeautiful and no longer hot, and there is infinite energy forinhabitants, factories and organizations to use.

6. Transportation of Solar Energy. The utilization rate of the solarenergy for photovoltaic power generation is only 3% to 15%, and theamount of electricity is seriously affected by sunlight intensity sothat the utility values of the solar energy vehicles, ships andaircrafts are low. The radiation gathering rectifier can convert solarradiation and solar energy into heat radiation of substances on theearth to be gathered and utilized around the clock, and the utilizationrate of the solar energy reaches more than 60%. The utility values ofthe solar energy vehicles, ships and aircrafts are high.

At present, the combustion of fossil fuel for transportation exhaustsseveral billion tons of CO₂. If the thermal power generation is stopped,and the solar energy is used for transportation, warming and cooking,ten billion tons of CO₂ exhaust can be reduced annually to effectivelyrelieve global warming.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with SingleFunnel SI Member.

FIG. 2 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with SingleFunnel GI Member.

FIG. 3 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with SingleConical GI Member.

FIG. 4 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with DoubleCone-Pillar GI Members.

FIG. 5 Schematic Diagram of Rectifier with Double Cone-Pillar GIMembers.

FIG. 6 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with MultipleCone-Pillar GI Members.

FIG. 7 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with MultipleCone-Curved Pillar GI Members.

FIG. 8 Schematic Diagram of Multilevel Cone-Annular Pillar GI RadiationGathering Rectifier.

FIG. 9 Schematic Diagram of Rectifier with Double Dual-Pillar Members.

FIG. 10 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with MultiplePillar-Pillar Members.

FIG. 11 Schematic Diagram of Frequency Division Output Five-ElectrodeTube.

FIG. 12 Schematic Diagram of Diaphragm Controlled and Frequency DivisionOutput Five-Electrode Tube.

FIG. 13 Schematic Diagram of Shielded Funnel SI Radiation GatheringRectifier Array.

FIG. 14 Schematic Diagram of Shielded Multilevel Conical GI RadiationGathering Rectifier.

FIG. 15 Schematic Diagram of Transparent Radiation Transmitting Element.

FIG. 16 Schematic Diagram of Heat Accumulator.

FIG. 17 Schematic Diagram of Film Application Rectifier.

FIG. 18 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Photovoltaic PowerGeneration.

FIG. 19 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Sensor.

FIG. 20 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Turbine.

FIG. 21 Schematic Diagram of Radiation Gathering Solar EnergyComprehensive Utilization Device for Power Generation.

NUMBERS IN THE FIGURES ARE SHOWN AS FOLLOWS

-   1-Cathode Medium-   5-High Reflection Film-   8-Diaphragm-   12-Radiation Gathering Rectifier Array-   15-Light Valve-   19-Controller-   23-Compressor-   26-Working Substance Allocator-   29-Generator 30-Transformer-   2-Anode Medium-   6-Radiation Gathering Rectifier-   9-Antireflection Film-   16-Photovoltaic Cell-   20-Display-   24-Check Valve-   27-Piston Power Machine-   30-Transformer-   3-Transparent Medium-   7-Substrate and Coating-   10-Heat Accumulator-   13-Return Duct-   17-Objective Lens Blackbody-   21-Optical Fiber-   25-Throttle Valve-   28-Gear Torque Converter-   4-Vacuum Screen-   11-Refrigerator-   14-Relief Valve-   18-Rough-surfaced Blackbody-   22-Turbine

Uneven medium section lines indicate the graded indexes.

Numbers in circles at both ends of the optical fiber indicate the serialnumbers of the end surfaces.

Straight dotted lines indicate system interfaces, and lower-case lettersoutside the straight dotted lines indicate system names.

Cambered dotted lines indicate diaphragms.

Solid arrows indicate radiation directions and paths.

SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS One Specific Embodiments of Radiation GatheringRectifiers

1. Specific Embodiments of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with a SingleMember:

(1) Specific Embodiment of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with a SingleFunnel SI Member: FIG. 1. The radiation gathering rectifier consists ofa single funnel SI member. The radiation of the system a entering thewide end of the funnel is repeatedly reflected by the high reflectionfilm 5 of the funnel wall to be gathered into high-density radiation atthe narrow end of the funnel to be sent into the system b. The amount ofradiation of the system b entering the funnel from the narrow end isvery low, and the amount of radiation sent into the system a is verylow. Therefore, the pure radiation heat transfer system a and system buse the radiation gathering rectifier as a unique channel, and within adefinite range of temperature difference, the radiation is mainlytransmitted from the low-temperature system a to the high-temperaturesystem b to be rectified and gathered. Application of an antireflectionfilm on the surface of the cathode medium has a better effect. When theradiation density of the system b is greatly higher than that of thesystem a so that the amount of the exchanged radiation of the system aand the system b are equal, the radiation rectifying and gatheringfunction of the funnel SI radiation gathering rectifier stops, and aheat balance state is achieved. Advantage: Materials with step index areeasy to find and cheap. Disadvantages: 1. The radiation arrival ratefrom the system a to the system b is lower. 2. The minimum temperatureof the system a is limited by the system b.

(2) Specific Embodiment of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with a SingleFunnel GI Member: FIG. 2. The radiation gathering rectifier consists ofa single funnel GI member. Because of the self-focusing effect of themedium with graded index, the radiation of the system a entering thewide end of the funnel is gathered into high-density radiation at thenarrow end of the funnel to be sent into the system b. The amount ofradiation entering the narrow end of the funnel from system b is verylow, and the radiation quantity sent into system a is very low.Therefore, when the pure radiation heat transfer system a and system buse the radiation gathering rectifier as a unique channel, within adefinite range of temperature difference, the heat of thelow-temperature system a is transferred to the high-temperature system bto perform the function of radiation rectifying and gathering.Application of an antireflection film on the surface of the cathodemedium has a better effect. In case of excessive temperature difference,when the amount of exchanged radiation of the system a and the system bare equal, the radiation rectifying and gathering function of the funnelGI radiation gathering rectifier stops, and a heat balance state isachieved. Advantage: The radiation arrival rate from the system a to thesystem b is higher. Disadvantages: 1. The medium with graded index isdifficult to manufacture. 2. The minimum temperature of the system a islimited by the system b.

(3) Embodiment of Radiation Gathering Rectifier with a Single Conical GIMember: FIG. 3. The radiation gathering rectifier consists of a singleconical GI member. By the self-focusing of the GI medium, the radiationof the system a entering the conical end is gathered into higher-densityradiation at the conical tip to be sent into the system b from the thincoating, the radiation of the system b entering the conical member fromthe thin cover is very low, and the radiation sent into the system afrom the system b is very low. Therefore, when the pure radiation heattransfer system a and system b use the radiation gathering rectifier asa unique heat transfer channel, within a definite range of temperaturedifference, the heat of the low-temperature system a is transferred tothe high-temperature system b to perform the function of radiationrectifying and gathering. Application of an antireflection film on thesurface of the cathode medium has a better effect. In case of anexcessive temperature difference, when the amount of radiation from thesystem a and the system b are equal, the radiation rectifying andgathering function stops, and a heat balance state is achieved. Becausethe conical tip must have the thin coating to send out radiation, theradiation gathering rectifier with a single conical GI member isactually one of the radiation gathering rectifiers with a single funnelGI member, and their advantages and disadvantages are basicallyidentical.

2. Specific Embodiment of Radiation Transmitting Element with MemberCombinations:

Specific Embodiment of Film Application Rectifier: FIG. 17. The filmapplication rectifier mainly comprises an antireflection film 9, acathode medium 1, an anode medium 2, a vacuum screen 4, a—rough-surfacedblackbody 18 and a high reflection film 5. The structure sequence fromthe cathode surface to the anode surface is: antireflection film9-cathode medium 1-vacuum screen 4-rough-surfaced blackbody 18-highreflection film 5-transparent medium 3-vacuum screen 4-anode medium 2.The antireflection film 9 is used to reduce the loss of radiationreflection of the system a and increase radiant transmittance, heatradiation is absorbed by the rough-surfaced blackbody 18, most of theheat is transferred to the high reflection film 5 and the transparentmedium 3 because of the heat preservation of the rough-surface, heat ofthe high reflection film and the transparent medium is sent into theanode medium 2 and the system b in the form of heat radiation, andpartial radiation of the transparent medium 3 is radiated to the highreflection film 5 and reflected to the system b. The radiation of thesystem b is totally reflected by the high reflection film 5 to thesystem b, heat of the system b cannot be transferred to the system a informs of heat conduction and heat convection because of the separationof the vacuum screen 2, therefore, heat of the system b cannot betransferred to the system a, but heat of the system a can be transferredto the system b.

3. Specific Embodiments of Radiation Transmitting Elements with MultipleMembers:

(1) Specific Embodiment of Cone-Pillar GI Radiation Gathering Rectifier:FIG. 4. The cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier consists of aconical cathode GI medium 1, a pillar anode GI medium 2 and a highreflection film 5, wherein the conical cathode GI medium 1 is conicallyconnected to the pillar anode GI medium 2, and the pillar anode GImedium 2 near the cathode end is sealed by the high reflection film 5.

The radiation enters the conical end from the system a and focuses onthe conical tip because of the self-focusing effect of GI, the radiationdiffuses outward from the thin coating to form an evanescent field, andan wave-guide is horizontally coupled to the anode GI medium 2 to besent into the system b. The radiation of the system b inversely enteringthe pillar anode GI medium 2 returns to the system b because of theself-focusing effect of GI and the total reflection of the highreflection film 5, and then the radiation is sent into the system b fromthe system a by increasing density to perform the function of radiationgathering. Application of the antireflection film 9 on the surface ofthe cathode medium has better effect. Advantages: The radiation arrivalrate from the system a to the system b is higher, and a very lowradiation is transmitted inversely. Disadvantage: 1. The medium withgraded index is difficult to manufacture.

(2) Specific Embodiment of Cone-Pillar GI Rectifier: FIG. 5. Thecone-pillar GI rectifier comprises a conical GI medium 1 and a pillar GImedium 2. The radiation of the system a enters the GI medium 1 from theinput end {circle around (1)} and reaches the conically connectedposition {circle around (3)}, the radiation field diffuses outward toform the evanescent field, and the wave-guide is horizontally coupled tothe GI medium 2 to enter the system b from the output end {circle around(4)} The radiation of the system b entering the GI medium 2 from theoutput end {circle around (4)} returns to the system b because of theself-focusing effect of GI and the total reflection of the highreflection film 5 of the input end {circle around (2)} Therefore, theradiation can be transmitted only from the system a to the system b andcannot be transmitted inversely. The total area of the input end isequal to the area of the output end to perform the function of radiationrectifying.

(3) Specific Embodiment of Pillar-Pillar GI Rectifier: FIG. 9. Thepillar-pillar GI rectifier comprises a pillar SI medium 1 and a pillarGI medium 2. The radiation of the system a enters the SI medium 1 fromthe input end {circle around (1)} and reaches the circularly connectedposition, the radiation field diffuses outward from the thin cover toform the evanescent field, and the wave-guide is horizontally coupled tothe GI medium 2 to enter the system b from the output end {circle around(4)} The radiation of the system b entering the GI medium 2 from theoutput end {circle around (4)} returns to the system b because of theself-focusing effect of GI and the total reflection of the highreflection film 5 of the input end {circle around (2)} The output end{circle around (3)} of the pillar SI medium 1 is sealed by the highreflection film 5 to prevent the radiation of the system b fromentering. Therefore, the radiation can be transmitted only from thesystem a to the system b and cannot be transmitted inversely. The totalarea of the input end is equal to the area of the output end to performthe function of radiation rectifying.

(4) Specific Embodiment of Multiple Pillar-Pillar GI Radiation GatheringRectifier: FIG. 10. The radiation gathering rectifier comprises multiplepillar SI media 1 and a pillar

GI medium 2. The radiation of the system a enters the SI medium 1 andreaches the circularly connected position, the radiation field diffusesoutward from the thin coating to form the evanescent field, and thewave-guide is horizontally coupled to the GI medium 2 to enter thesystem b from the output end. The radiation of the system b entering thepillar GI medium 2 from the output end returns to the system b becauseof the self-focusing effect of GI and the total reflection of the highreflection film 5. The output end of the pillar SI medium 1 is sealed bythe high reflection film 5 to prevent the radiation of the system b fromentering. Therefore, the radiation can be transmitted only from thesystem a to the system b. The total area of the input end is larger thanthe area of the output end, and the radiation density output from theoutput end is larger than that of the input end to perform the functionof radiation gathering.

(5) Specific Embodiment of Multiple Cone-Pillar GI Radiation GatheringRectifier: FIG. 6. The radiation gathering rectifier comprises multipleconical SI media and a pillar GI medium. The radiation of the system aenters the GI medium 1 and reaches the conically connected position, theradiation field diffuses outward to form the evanescent field, and thewave-guide is horizontally coupled to the GI medium 2 to enter thesystem b from the output end. The radiation of the system b entering thepillar GI medium 2 from the output end returns to the system b becauseof the self-focusing effect of GI and the total reflection of the highreflection film 5. Therefore, the radiation can be transmitted only fromthe system a to the system b. The total area of the input end is largerthan the area of the output end, and the radiation density output fromthe output end is larger than that of the input end to perform thefunction of radiation gathering.

Because of the reflected radiation by the high reflection film 5 and theself-focusing effect of GI, the change of various pillar anode GI media2 with multiple members into the anode GI medium 2 with a certain taper(as shown in FIG. 15) has very little influence on a directionalchannel.

(6) Specific Embodiment of Multiple Cone-Curved Pillar GI RadiationGathering Rectifier: FIG. 7. The radiation gathering rectifier comprisesmultiple conical GI media and a pillar GI medium. The radiation of thesystem a enters the GI medium 1 and reaches the conically connectedposition, the radiation field diffuses outward to form the evanescentfield, and the wave-guide is horizontally coupled to the pillar GImedium 2 to enter the system b from the output end. The radiation of thesystem b entering the GI medium 2 from the output end returns to thesystem b because the pillar GI has the self-focusing effect and the twocurved ends face the system b. Therefore, the radiation can betransmitted only from the system a to the system b. The total area ofthe input end is larger than the area of the output end to perform thefunction of radiation gathering.

(7) Embodiment of Multilevel Cone-Circular Pillar GI Radiation GatheringRectifier: FIG. 8. The radiation gathering rectifier comprises multipleconical GI media and a pillar GI medium. The radiation of the system aenters the conical GI medium 1 and reaches the conically connectedposition, the radiation field diffuses outward to form the evanescentfield, and the wave-guide is horizontally coupled to the pillar GImedium 2 to enter the system b from the output end. The radiation of thesystem b entering the GI medium 2 from the output end returns to thesystem b because the pillar GI has the self-focusing effect, and one endis conically connected to the other end. Therefore, the radiation can betransmitted only from the system a to the system b. The total area ofthe input end is larger than the area of the output end to perform thefunction of radiation gathering. Multiple cathode media are conicallyconnected, the radiation density is increased gradually, and theradiation density of the pillar GI medium becomes higher. If the pillarGI medium is used as a radiation wire, the radiation density will notonly not reduced because of wire lengthening but instead will beincreased with wire lengthening.

4. Specific Embodiment of Multielectrode Tube: Specific Embodiment ofFrequency Division Output Five-Electrode Tube: FIG. 11. Thefive-electrode tube comprises a cathode medium 1 and four anode media 2,wherein the input ends of the anode media 2 are sealed by the highreflection film 5, and the output end of the cathode medium 1 isconically connected to the anode media 2 (not illustrated with afigure). The radiation entering from the cathode medium 1 ishorizontally coupled to the four anode media 2 with differenttransmission spectrum in the conical position to be respectively outputto perform the function of dividing frequency to output the light of thecathode medium.

5. Specific Embodiment of Diaphragm Controlled Multielectrode Tube:Embodiment of Diaphragm Controlled and Frequency Division OutputFive-Electrode Tube: FIG. 12. The five-electrode tube consists of acathode medium 1, an anode medium 2, a high reflection film, a diaphragm8 and substrate 7, wherein the input end of the anode medium 2 is sealedby the high reflection film 5, the output end of the cathode medium 1 istapered to be connected to the anode medium 2 (not illustrated with afigure), and the diaphragm 8 is arranged between the anode medium 2 andthe cathode medium 1. The radiation entering from the cathode medium 1is horizontally coupled to the four anode media 2 with differenttransmission spectra in the conical position, and the radiationpermeability is controlled by the diaphragm 8 so as to control theradiation intensity of the anode medium.

Two Specific Embodiments of Radiation Gathering Rectifiers

1. Specific Embodiments of Radiation Gathering Rectifier Array:

(1) Embodiment of Shielded Funnel SI Radiation Gathering RectifierArray: FIG. 13. The radiation gathering rectifier consists of a cathodemedium 1, a funnel SI radiation gathering rectifier 6, a high reflectionfilm 5, a vacuum screen 4 and an anode medium 2. The radiation of thesystem a is gathered to the system b through SI radiation gatheringrectifier 6, and the radiation of the system b is fully reflected by thehigh reflection film 5 to the system b, with only a small portion ofradiation entering the system a from the narrow end of the funnel.Within a definite range of temperature, when the heat of thelow-temperature system a is transferred to the high-temperature systemb, the radiation gathering rectifier has the function for rectifying andgathering radiation. In case of excessive temperature differences, whenthe amount of radiation of the system a is equal to that of the systemb, the radiation rectifying and gathering function of the funnelradiation gathering rectifier stops, and a heat balance state isachieved. The vacuum screen stops heat convection and heat conduction,therefore the heat gathering function of the radiation gatheringrectifier is reliable.

(2) Embodiment of Shielded Cone-Pillar GI Radiation Gathering RectifierArray: FIG. 14. The radiation gathering rectifier consists of a cathodemedium 1, a cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier 6, a highreflection film 5, a vacuum screen 4 and an anode medium 2. Theradiation of the system a passes through the cathode medium 1, thevacuum screen 2, the cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier 6 andenters the system b. The radiation of the system b passes through thecathode medium 1 and the vacuum screen 2, and is fully reflected by thehigh reflection film 5 to the system b. The vacuum screen 4 effectivelystops the heat conduction and heat convection, as a results, the heat ofthe system b cannot be transferred to the system a by heat conduction,heat convection or heat radiation. Heat is gathered by the multilevelradiation gathering rectifier, therefore, a container with anodepositioned inwards has rapid temperature rise and is suitable for use asa heat accumulator or the blast chamber of a heat engine, and acontainer with cathode positioned inwards is suitable for use as arefrigerator.

(3) Embodiment of Shielded Cone-Pillar GI Radiation Gathering RectifierArray: FIG. 15. The radiation gathering rectifier consists of a cathodemedium 1, a cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier 6, a highreflection film 5, an anode medium 2 and a substrate 7. The radiation ofthe system a is gathered to the cone apex from the conical GI radiationgathering rectifier 6 and outwards diffused to form an evanescent field.As the figure shows, the visible light from two lower radiationgathering rectifiers can be coupled and transferred through thetransparent GI medium 2 into the system b, the radiation of the system bentering the GI medium 2 is gathered to the high reflection film 5 andfully reflected to the system b, and a kind of one-way transparent glasswhich is suitable for use on one-way light inlet windows is formed. Theupper radiation gathering rectifier, whose total radiation istransferred through the optical fiber to an application system orstorage, has no light transmission, and is suitable for use on thesurface of vehicles, vessels, aircraft and buildings to collectrenewable energy sources.

The radiation gathering rectifier array can be used for making cloth.When the cathode is positioned outwards, the cloth is suitable forwarming up; the cathode of the radiation gathering rectifier can be madeinto fuzz, and the anode can be added with highly heat insulatingmaterial to produce a felt with enhanced warming efficiency; peoplewearing the clothes made of the felt will no longer feel cold even inArctic or Antarctic areas. When the anode is positioned outwards, theoutward surface is hot, and the inward surface is cool. So clothes andtents made of the cloth with anode positioned outwards can keep cool intorrid environment and even in environment with a temperature of severalhundred degrees celsius.

2. Specific Embodiment of Airtight Heat Accumulator: FIG. 16. Theshielded multiple cone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier in FIG.12 is used for forming the heat accumulator. Array of the shieldedcone-pillar GI radiation gathering rectifier 6 with anode positionedinwards is arranged on the wall of the container, and the vacuum screen4 effectively stops the heat conduction and heat convection. The cathodeof the multilevel radiation gathering rectifier transfers the heatradiation outside the container to the heat carrier in the container,and the heat radiation of the heat carrier in the container is fullyreflected to the heat carrier by the high reflection film 5, thereforethe heat radiation of the heat carrier is ever-growing to rise thetemperature rapidly. The return duct 13 is installed on one side of theheat accumulator 12. The return duct uses the radiation gatheringrectifier 6 with cathode positioned inwards to form the refrigerator 11,and the radiation in the heat accumulator is transferred to the lightvalve 15 by the refrigerator through the optical fiber 21. When heatradiation is not used, the light valve 15 puts through the optical fiber21 which transfers radiation to the bottom of the heat accumulator, andthe heat carrier is circularly heated; When heat radiation is used, thelight valve 15 puts through the optical fiber 21 which transfersradiation to the outside, and the heat radiation is transferred to theradiation application system. The safety valve 14 is installed on thetop of the heat accumulator; when the temperature of the heat carrier isclose to high safety limit of the heat accumulator, the light valve 15is started by the safety valve 14 to put through the optical fiber 21which transfers radiation to the outside in order to reduce the heatradiation and reduce the temperature of the heat carrier, therefore thesafety of the heat accumulator is guaranteed.

3. Specific Embodiment of Radiation Gathering and RectifyingPhotovoltaic Power Generation: FIG. 18. The radiation gathering andrectifying photovoltaic power generation consists of array of radiationgathering rectifier 6 and a photovoltaic cell 16. The radiation withoptimum photovoltaic conversion spectrum is selected by the frequencyselection type radiation gathering rectifier 6 to radiate thephotovoltaic cell 16 and obtain electric current, thus the solarradiation is resolved into several spectrums to conduct photovoltaicgeneration with an optimum radiation frequency, and the utilization rateof solar energy in photovoltaic generation is increased.

4. Specific Embodiment of Radiation Gathering and Rectifying Sensor:FIG. 19. The focus in object space of the objective lenses 17 of theradiation gathering and rectifying sensor is moved to the observationplane by the controller 19, and the focus in image space is moved to thecathode surface of the radiation gathering rectifier; the radiation ofthe observation plane enters the refrigerator 11 through the objectivelenses 17; all kinds of interference radiation except that on the focusin object space are eliminated; the radiation of the observation planeis gathered to the cathode of the radiation gathering rectifier and thengathered to the anode to be processed as pixels, transferred to theelectronic computer of the controller 19 by the optical fiber 21,synthesized by the electronic computer and imaged on the display 20.

Advantages: {circle around (1)} The number of pixels of the radiationgathering and rectifying sensor is up to tens of millions, and the imageis clearer than that formed by a digital camera. {circle around (2)} Thepixels are formed by a light beam, so the brightness of a dark object isenhanced and the brightness of a dazzling object is reduced to obtain aclear image. {circle around (3)} The diameter and the minimum resolutionangle of the objective lenses of the radiation gathering and rectifyingsensor are larger than an optical microscope, so the image is clearer,and the sensor can be made into a spheroid around the whole observedobject in order to obtain a fully three-dimensional image. The clearestposition of the image can be selected as desired for observation andrecording. {circle around (4)} The diopter of the objective lenses canbe regulated to change the enlargement factor so as to conductcontinuous observation from the whole to part with the enlargementfactor changing from small to large. {circle around (5)} Theinterference radiation except that on the focus in object space iseliminated, so the image of a live organ of a human can be clearly,dynamically and directly observed without any injury to the organ, andthe condition, function and pathological changes of the organ can beknown directly. {circle around (6)} The radiation of the earth can betracked and detected from the space in order to forecast disasters.{circle around (7)} When used on an astronomical telescope, the diameterof the objective lenses can be as large as several kilometers, and thenumber of pixels can be hundreds of millions, so the observationdistance and the clarity of the radiation gathering and rectifyingsensor are far superior to those of various kinds of optical telescopes.

5. Specific Embodiment of Radiation Gathering and Rectifying Turbine:FIG. 20. The radiation gathering and rectifying turbine consists of aradiation gathering rectifier 6, a heat accumulator 10, a refrigerator11, an optical fiber 21, a turbine 22, a compressor 23, a return duct 13and a check valve 24. Low-density heat radiation is gathered by theradiation gathering rectifier 6 to be high-density heat radiation, andthe high-density heat radiation is transferred to the secondary heataccumulator 10 to make the temperature and the pressure of the heatcarrier rise suddenly so as to drive the turbine 22 to output a torque;the heat carrier is discharged into the refrigerator 11 from the turbine22, the temperature and pressure are rapidly reduced, and the heatcarrier enters the secondary refrigerator 11 for storage after passingthrough the return duct 13, the compressor 23 and the check valve 24;later, the heat carrier is transferred by the compressor 23 to theprimary heat accumulator 10 for preheating as required, and the flow ofthe heat carrier flowing from the primary heat accumulator to thesecondary heat accumulator 10 is controlled by the throttle valve 25 inorder to regulate the rotational speed of the turbine 22. Thus, theperpetual motion machine of the second kind is obtained; the turbine issuitable for machinery which requires high rotational speed, and thepiston type internal combustion engine has wide range of rotationalspeed and therefore has wider scope of application.

6. Specific Embodiment of Radiation Gathering and Rectifying SolarEnergy Comprehensive Utilization Device for Power Generation: FIG. 21.The array of frequency division radiation gathering rectifier 6 absorbsthe solar irradiation. Visible light is transferred by the optical fibrewhich transfers visible spectrum for lighting and photoelectricgeneration. Ultraviolet light is transferred to the photovoltaic cell bythe optical fiber which transfers only ultraviolet spectrum for powergeneration, and infrared light is transferred to the heat accumulatorfor storage by the optical fiber which transfers only infrared spectrumor directly transferred to an infrared light application system for use.The heat carrier with high temperature and high pressure is supplied bythe heat accumulator and allocated by the working substance allocator 26to the piston power machine 27 in order to drive the generator 29 togenerate electricity, and the electric energy is output by thetransformer 30. The generator, the transformer and the electric wiresare arranged in the refrigerator 11 to form the low-temperaturesuperconductive condition so as to reduce the energy consumption. Afterthe piston power machine does work, the heat carrier is discharged intothe primary refrigerator; the temperature and the pressure are rapidlyreduced, and the heat carrier is transferred to the secondaryrefrigerator 11 by the compressor 23 through the check valve 24 forstorage. Later, the heat carrier is transferred to the primary heataccumulator 10 by the compressor 23 through the check valve 24 forpreheating as required, and the flow of the heat carrier flowing fromthe primary heat accumulator to the secondary heat accumulator 10 iscontrolled by the throttle valve 25 in order to regulate the rotationalspeed of the piston power machine.

REFERENCES

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1. A radiation transmitter comprising a radiation channel, a heatexchange cathode and a heat exchange anode, with the followingcharacteristics: the radiation channel is arranged in an environmentwith random radiation; open surfaces can automatically maintain theunbalanced state of the heat exchange in the environment with randomradiation; the open surface where the radiation sent into is more thanthe radiation sent out is the heat exchange cathode; and the opensurface where the radiation sent out is more than the radiation sentinto is the heat exchange anode; heat is automatically transferred fromthe cathode to the anode.
 2. The radiation transmitter, according toclaim 1, with the following characteristics: the radiation channel has afunnel mirror surface and a graded index medium in the radiationchannel.
 3. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, ischaracterized in that the radiation channel has a funnel mirror surface,and a step index medium arranged within the radiation channel.
 4. Theradiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in thatthe radiation transmitter comprises multiple radiation channel members.5. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, with the followingcharacteristics: the radiation transmitter comprises multiple members;and the radiation channel members are regularly combined and arrangedaccording to the polarity of the anode and the cathode in an orderlyway.
 6. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, ischaracterized in that multiple cathodes of the radiation channel arecombined and arranged to form a cathode surface, and the anodes arecombined and arranged to form an anode surface.
 7. The radiationtransmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that a diaphragmis arranged between the heat exchange cathode and heat exchange anode ofthe radiation channel.
 8. The radiation transmitter, according to claim6, is characterized in that the cathode surface and the anode surface ofthe radiation channel are regularly arranged on a wall of an object. 9.(canceled)
 10. (canceled)
 11. The radiation transmitter, according toclaim 1, is characterized in that a number of graded index fibers arecoupled with one graded index fiber with a mirror surface at one end.12. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized inthat a number of funnel GI radiation channels, whose large open surfacesare medium with low refractive index, are coupled with a GI radiationchannel to form a radiation channel.
 13. The radiation transmitter,according to claim 1, is characterized in that a number of funnel GIradiation channels, whose large open surfaces are medium with lowrefractive index, are coupled with a wave-guide tube to form a radiationchannel.
 14. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, ischaracterized in that in a number of radiation channels whose funnelmirror surfaces have medium with graded index, the open surfaces withpositive heat transfer rate of net radiation and the open surfaces withnegative heat transfer rate of net radiation are arrayed respectively toform two surfaces of a member.
 15. The radiation transmitter, accordingto claim 1, is characterized in that in a number of radiation channelswhose funnel mirror surfaces have medium with step index, the opensurfaces with positive heat transfer rate of net radiation and the opensurfaces with negative heat transfer rate of net radiation are arrayedrespectively to form two surfaces of a member.
 16. The radiationtransmitter, according to claim 1, is characterized in that theradiation channels are provided with diaphragms and frequency selectingmedium.
 17. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 1, ischaracterized in that the open surfaces of the radiation channels withnegative heat transfer rate of net radiation and the open surfaces ofthe radiation channels with positive heat transfer rate of net radiationare regularly arrayed on the wall surface of the object.
 18. Theradiation transmitter, according to claim 8, is characterized in thatthe radiation channels, whose open surfaces with positive heat transferrate of net radiation are positioned inwards, are arrayed to form aheating container.
 19. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 8,is characterized in that the radiation channels, whose open surfaceswith negative heat transfer rate of net radiation are positionedinwards, are arrayed to form a refrigerating container.
 20. Theradiation transmitter, according to claim 9, is characterized in thatthe radiation channels, whose open surfaces with positive heat transferrate of net radiation are positioned inwards, are arrayed to form aheating container.
 21. The radiation transmitter, according to claim 9,is characterized in that the radiation channels, whose open surfaceswith positive heat transfer rate of net radiation are positionedinwards, are arrayed to form a refrigerating container.
 22. Theradiation transmitter, according to claim 8, is characterized in thatthe exhaust port of the heating container is connected with the airinlet of a heat engine, the exhaust port of the heat engine is connectedwith the air inlet of the refrigerating container, the exhaust port ofthe refrigerating container is connected with the air inlet of acompressor, and the exhaust port of the compressor is connected with theair inlet of the heating container via a heat carrier. The heat carrieris arranged in the container, and the compressor is driven by the heatengine.